In the second category, one GWS (Pgene-PUD < 2.62 × 10−6, sentinel) gene for PUD (SLC22A3), 17 for GERD (Pgene-GERD < 2.62 × 10−6, RBM6, RBM5, SEMA3F, MAML3, HIST1H3C, HIST1H1T, HLA-C, HLA-B, SETBP1, PDE4B, RABGAP1L, SGCD, ZNF322, FOXP2, DCC, TCF4, and CRTC1) and three for gastritis-duodenitis (Pgene-gastritis-duodenitis < 2.62 × 10−6, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, RNF5) were associated with T2D (Pgene-T2D < 0.05) [Supplementary Data 22 - 24]. Here, RNF5 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.