These genes, predominantly upregulated in tumor samples, played distinct roles: TIMP1 as an oncogene (HR > 1) and PECAM1 and CDKN1A as tumor suppressors (HR < 1), as depicted in Fig. 4C. The division of the training cohort into high-risk and low-risk groups was based on the median risk score. This evidence concerns the gene PECAM1 and neoplasm.