HGF and androgen insensitivity syndrome: The comparison of underlying causes for AIS showed that sCeAD was associated with lower plasma levels of HGF (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.455, large effect size) and SDF-1α (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.469, large effect size) compared to AIS due to SVO, CE, and LAA (Fig. 1).