The insulin levels and HOMA-IR also higer in the GDM group(P < 0.05; Fig. 1C,D).In addition, the results of the 2-NBDG experiment showed that the glucose uptake capacity of the trophoblasts in the GDM group was significantly decreased (P < 0.001; Fig. 1E,F). This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.