Several studies have shown that newer glucose-lowering agents, including GLP-1-RA, SGLT2i, and DPP-4i, are more cost-effective than conventional diabetes medications.10 11 However, these studies were not explicitly designed to evaluate second-line strategies: moreover, they often used model-based simulations using data derived from clinical trials or literature.12 This evidence concerns the gene GLP1R and diabetes mellitus.