However, contrasting evidence suggests that SCFAs can increase the expression of NLRP3 activation and inflammatory cytokines (IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the gut, leading to neuroinflammation upon reaching the central system and increasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD mice, exacerbating their cognitive impairments. This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and Cognitive impairment.