A study performed in women with a previous history of having a macrosomic infant, but without GDM, found no association between maternal IL-6 and TNF-α and birthweight and adiposity measures in the total or male cohort; however, an inverse association was found between maternal 3rd trimester IL-6 levels and the sum of skinfolds at birth in the female cohort (18). Here, TNF is linked to gestational diabetes.