IL1B and neoplasm: Whereas in carcinogenesis, IL-1B directly activates of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and it can further enhance the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling, Wnt signalling and PI3K/AKT signalling to induce tumour proliferation, survival, stemness, EMT/metastasis in addition to promoting angiogenesis via increasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [8], [9], [10], [11], [12].