INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Both in vivo and in vitro studies of aloin have shown its hypoglycemic effects (Zhang et al., 2020), with in vivo studies demonstrating that aloin improves glucose tolerance and fasting serum insulin activity in T2D mice and has hepatoprotective effect, which is mediated by activation of the IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway (Cui et al., 2014), and in vitro studies demonstrating that aloin markedly improves glucose consumption and stimulates the activity of key enzymes of glucose metabolism in IR-HepG2 cells (Zhong et al., 2022).