Additionally, DPHC could regulate glucose metabolism and hypoglycemic activity well in both db/db mouse models and in vitro high-glucose induced IR-HepG2 cells, and its mechanism improves insulin resistance by regulating IRS1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway, showing potential for T2DM treatment (Zhang et al., 2021). Here, IRS1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.