NFKB1 and malignant colon neoplasm: Leptin has been demonstrated to promote proliferation, survival, and invasive potential in colon cancer cells by activating MAPK, PI3K, NF-κB, and STAT3 signaling (Rouet-Benzineb et al., 2004; Uchiyama et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012).