Carcinoma AOIs showed significantly higher expression of 302 and 321 genes than TME AOIs in the naïve group and the NAT group, respectively, with an overlap of 261 genes which included KRT19, KRT7, KRT18, MUC1, CDH1, EPCAM, JUP, ITGA3, ITGB4, ERRB2, LAMB3, CAPN2, LGALS3, LCN2 etc. In contrast, TME AOIs showed significantly higher expression of 286 and 294 genes than carcinoma AOIs in the naïve group and the NAT group, respectively, with an overlap of 250 genes including PDGFRB, COL6A3, FCGR2A/B, IL1R1, etc. (Supplementary Figure 2, Supplement Data 1). Here, CDH1 is linked to carcinoma.