CCL5 and cancer: To validate this hypothesis, we treated various cancer cell lines with TH1579 and observed a significant increase in the mRNA expression of the chemokines CCL5 and CXCL10 in NTUB1 and UMUC3 cells at 0.5 μM, and in A549 cells at 1 μM (Figs. 3A and S3A–C).