STAT3 and cancer: Mediators like sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and prostaglandin (PG) E2, which respectively activate signaling pathways such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway, and RAS pathway, are also upregulated in cancer tissues, facilitating cancer cell proliferation [9–13].