CSF2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Consistent with these findings, our results depicted in Figure 6 demonstrate an increase in the secretion of TNF-α (Figure 6A), IL-1β (Figure 6B), IL-6 (Figure 6C), GM-CSF (Figure 6D), and TSLP (Figure 6E) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), as well as higher levels of NF-κB (Figure 6F) mRNA expression in mice exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) (COPD group) compared to the control.