VEGFA and cancer: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pancreatic cancer cells were shown to produce transcription factor Nuclear Factor (erythroid-derived 2)-Like 2 (Nrf2) under the effect of lactate, which resulted in increased expression of Nrf2 in TAMs, and VEGF production and VEGF stimulated expression of Nrf2 and EMT genes in cancer cells [35].