TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: It activates COX-2 and controls the synthesis of many proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-gamma), which are essential in the development of asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and autoimmune diseases (like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn’s disease) as well as cardiovascular conditions like atherosclerosis [121,122,123].