Both Prime-2-CoV_Beta and its UV-inactivated version triggered a cytokine expression pattern similar to the monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) control 12 h after infection, with a clear induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (2.46 Log10 mean fold change), IL-6 (5 Log10 mean fold change), IFNγ (1.02 Log10 mean fold change) and TNFα (2.59 Log10 mean fold change), as well as the macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) Beta (7.54 Log10 mean fold change) (Figure 2B). Here, TNF is linked to infection.