CD4 and coinfection: The co-infection of MPXV and other pathogens in PWH could be attributed to behavioral factors (e.g., MSM sexual exposure to MPXV, HIV, STI, and other pathogens), host immune status and responses (e.g., low CD4+ T cells, low trained or heterologous immunity), and virus-host interactions (e.g., virulent MPXV strains evading T cell responses).