In addition, higher levels of Cx43 expression promoted metastasis [26,27,28] in many cancers, such as gastric cancer, melanoma, some brain cancers (astrocytoma, glioma) [29,30], breast tumors [22,23,25,31,32], and prostate cancer bone metastasis [21]. Here, GJA1 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).