DKK3 and acute kidney injury: Although KDIGO criteria represent the current AKI diagnostic modality, several biomarkers were developed to allow for early assessment of CSA-AKI risk (NGAL [11,25], kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) [26], dickkopf-3 (DKK3), liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) [17], cystatin C (CysC) [25]), and PrevAKI studies reported that the urinary [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] > 0.3 defined the high-risk CSA-AKI [27,28].