TNF and viral infectious disease: Among the gene list, some were reported in previous studies as follows: (i) Ifih1 was related to viral resistance in children [20]; (ii) Ifit2 was involved in resistance to viral infection such as influenza virus [21]; (iii) Znfx1 was associated with susceptibility to viral infections [22]; (iv) transcription of Tap1 could be rapidly upregulated in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as type-I IFN, IFN-γ, and TNF-α [23]; (v) Ccr1 could contribute to viral infection by activating inflammation in infection situations [24]; (vi) Myd88 was associated with IL-1 signaling [25].