This is evidenced by elevated levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in comparison to both healthy controls and individuals with OSA [15,78]; however, more research is needed to ascertain the potential synergistic effects of OSA and COPD on cardiovascular risk. This evidence concerns the gene MAP3K14 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.