CCL2 and chronic kidney disease: High levels of urinary urine epidermal growth factor (EGF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were independently associated with a lower risk of a composite CKD outcome, whereas higher post-operative levels of urinary MCP-1 were associated with higher risk after a coronary artery bypass and/or valvular surgery, reflecting the ability of tubular cells to recover their function after an acute injury and stress [31].