As an example, ablation of α-SMA CAFs in a genetic PDAC model (PKT: Ptf1acre/+; LSL-KrasG12D/+; Tgfbr2flox/flox) suppressed fibrosis and accelerated tumour growth, but it also was sensitised to anti-CTLA-4 therapy, associated with increased inflammation. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and neoplasm.