TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: These cytokines, including soluble CD19, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-7, IFN-γ, TNF, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3), and colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2 or GM-CSF), as well as IL-4, promote the differentiation of helper CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th2 subgroups, modulating immune responses in the HCC TME [133].