INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The keywords were as follows: gestational diabetes mellitus, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, preeclampsia, prematurity, abnormal fetal growth, obesity, fetal, hypertension, neurodevelopmental, OSA, sleep disorder breathing, sleep apnea, sudden death, sleep, inflammation, cellular death, death, apoptosis, insulin, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, endothelial, sympathetic activation, placenta, placental, placental dysfunction, placental injury and dysfunction, angiogenic, angiogenesis, hypoxia, intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and sleep arousals.