PPBP and colon adenocarcinoma: Figure 1A illustrates the top ten genes with the highest mutation frequencies, including CCL14, CCL23, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL16, CXCL8, PPBP, CCL16, CCL27, and CXCL6. Notably, CCL14 had the highest mutation frequency, exceeding 2%. The analysis found missense, frameshift deletions, and nonsense mutations as the most common types. Moreover, coexisting mutations among chemokines were observed in COAD samples, such as CCL18 and CCL13, CCL13 and CXCL6, as well as CCL18 and CXCL6 (Figure 1B).