TNF and infection: Most of the measured cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor concentrations (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17a, IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, MCP-1) of the vehicle control were more elevated in the BALF than in the plasma on Day 3 post-infection (Figure 4 and Figure 5 and Figure S1 in the Supplementary Material), when the viral titers peaked (Figure 2) and as seen in other studies using this model (data on file at CRL).