ERBB2 and neoplasm: Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of anti-HER2 nanobodies in interfering with HER2-mediated growth signaling pathways, such as the RAS-RAF-MAPK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways, in addition to promoting tumor cytotoxicity through both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated immune activation [89].