Ma et al. (2018) identified TLR4+CXCR4+ plasma cells in peripheral blood and kidney tissue, correlating with anti-dsDNA levels in SLE patients and lupus-prone mice, and showed that TLR4 blockade in vitro reduced anti-dsDNA IgG secretion from these cells [94]. Here, TLR4 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.