05 for OME and #### p < 0.0001, ## p < 0.005, and # p < 0.05 for OMS), while OFE and OFS rats demonstrated significant DCN responses for only 15 min post-capsaicin injection compared to their pre-capsaicin measures (Figure 3D; **** p < 0.0001 for OFE and # p < 0. Here, DCN is linked to otitis media with effusion.