TNF and tuberculosis: Considering that both HIV and TB have a significant effect on the immune system, disrupting the normal balance of cytokines and the functioning of the cytokine network as a whole, a comparative study of the plasmatic level of cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1 β, and IL-10) playing a crucial role in the regulation of protection against Mtb [8,45,49,55,65,66] was conducted in a group of patients with double HIV/TB infection (both newly diagnosed with TB and with recurrent TB), as well as in patients with HIV and TB monoinfections.