While the deactivation of AKT is a key step, the mechanism by which ceramide contributes to insulin resistance also involves activating phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and drawing protein kinase C-ζ (PKCζ) into caveolin-rich areas of the cell membrane [51]. Here, AKT1 is linked to Insulin resistance.