Moreover, hydrogen-rich water has been shown to attenuate renal fibrosis and suppress the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) by upregulating Sirt1, a molecule modulated by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) [10]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to renal fibrosis.