TNF and Parkinson disease: Recently, a study in a rodent model of PD, chronically treated with L-DOPA to provoke abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), revealed via transcriptomic analyses the involvement of the following factors as key molecular mediators of LID advancement: transforming growth factor beta type 1 (TGFβ1), interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) cytokines as key mediators of chronic inflammation [93].