IFNG and autism: Eftekharian et al. [226] found that each of the five inflammatory cytokines predicted to be directly raised by NF-kappaB elevation were raised in autism patients, as well as several other cytokines. Theoharides et al. [224], Kutuk et al. [227], and Ferencova et al. [228] found, similarly, in their large studies, that the same five inflammatory cytokines directly raised by NF-kappaB were elevated in patients with ASDs, as were multiple additional cytokines. Mehta et al. [229] showed that four of those five cytokines (all except IFNγ) were elevated in a rat model of ASD.