Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokine IL-17, as an astrocyte-secreted mediator, is well-known to be implicated in modifications of excitatory sensory synaptic transmission via binding its receptor IL-17RA on neurons in the emergence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia, chronic neuropathic pain, persistent bone cancer pain and acute inflammatory pain [12,13]. The gene discussed is IL17A; the disease is bone cancer.