NFKB1 and Hyperglycemia: Although the mechanism by which hyperglycemia causes retinopathy progression is not fully understood, studies have shown that chemokines may be involved in multiple pathways of retinopathy, including nuclear-factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, oxidative stress, dysregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription proteins (STATs), and formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) [26–28].