NFE2L2 and Intervertebral disk degeneration: We previously showed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) could ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) by promoting Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation, thereby increasing antioxidant responses and scavenging excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells [21].