In addition, there are changes in tight junctional proteins, which were documented by bulk RNA sequencing which demonstrated changes in claudins and ZO-2 and ZO-3, but not the adherens junction protein E cadherin in differentiated enteroids. In differentiated T1D enteroids the significant changes were : increased: claudins 4, and 12 and ZO2 and ZO3; decreased: claudin 23. The gene discussed is CLDN4; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.