In addition, T1D enteroids had altered enterocyte differentiation indicated by the reduced NHE3 and SI. In addition, there was a shift in the differentiating secretory cell composition with increased expression of the EE cell marker ChgA and goblet cell marker MUC2 while there did not appear to be changes in Paneth cell or tuft cell expression (Fig. 1c). Here, CHGA is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.