The total number of ChagA-expressing cells was markedly increased in T1D duodenal enteroids as were the mRNAs for tachykinin (substance P), glucagon, neurotensin, ghrelin, and somatostatin while the only EE products that were reduced were PYY and the low level of CCK that was expressed. The gene discussed is TAC1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.