INS and macular retinal edema: Moreover, patients with comorbidities, including CAD (aHR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03–1.19), DR (aHR = 2.47, 95% CI = 2.30–2.65), macular edema (aHR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.32–2.05), as well as those who received medications such as AGI (aHR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.08–1.24), thiazolidinedione (aHR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.01–1.16), DPP4i (aHR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02–1.22), and insulin (aHR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.06–1.21) had higher risks of MD compared with the corresponding groups.