AKT1 and Insulin resistance: On the other hand, FGF21 can improve glucose homeostasis in a variety of ways, including stimulates insulin expression and secretion via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, protect β cells by activating AMPK-acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and PPARδ/γ signaling pathway, and prevent systemic insulin resistance by increasing adiponectin levels36.