BRAF and in situ carcinoma: Interestingly, a recent case report identified the BRAF p.V595E mutation by digital PCR in a urine sample from a dog with follicular cystitis and a flat urothelial lesion with atypia [44], suggesting there is a continuum from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma, and the mutation of BRAF may be an early driver event.