CCN2 and central nervous system cancer: Verteporfin, a porphyrin derivative, has been reported to suppress cell proliferation in SNB19 and LN229 glioma cells in vitro by decreasing the expression of c-Myc, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), VEGFA, and survivin, molecules involved in cell growth, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, apoptosis resistance, and tumor recurrence in glioma; these results correlated with a decrease in the Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TEAD) signaling and activation of p38, a pro-apoptotic MAPK [402].