TIGAR and neoplasm: Furthermore, p53 positively regulates the expression of antioxidant proteins such as parkin, glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1), sestrins1,-2, TIGAR, and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH4) [151,152,153,154,155], reducing the generation of ROS, which cause DNA damage and mutation, inducing tumor initiation and progression [114].