This review describes the cellular functions of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathways due to their critical role in the regulation of the metabolism as well as the role of the transcriptional factors c-Myc, HIF1, and p53 in modulating the pathways involved in energy metabolism like glycolysis, pentose phosphate cycle, TCA cycle, OXPHOS, fatty acid (FA) synthesis and degradation, the mevalonate route, and the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids in healthy and glioma malignant cells. This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and central nervous system cancer.