INS and Insulin resistance: Oral administration of fucoidan to obese non-diabetic patients did not affect glycemia, insulin levels, or insulin resistance compared to controls (ACTRN12614000495628) [167], and no effect of a fucoidan-rich extract from the algae Ascophyllum nodosum was observed on postprandial glucose levels or insulin response in normoglycemic subjects (NCT05460884) [168].