Neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin 18 (IL-18), and liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein (L-FABP) are identified as potential biomarkers of tubular injury, with NGAL particularly promising due to its established diagnostic and prognostic roles in obstructive hydronephrosis and other CAKUT [33,35,36]. This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and congenital anomaly of kidney and urinary tract.