Although elevated levels of several other hormones such as aldosterone, thyroid hormone, arterial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), insulin/insulin-like growth factor and other growth factors and NO are observed in heart failure [48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57], the discussion on these aspects is not included in this review. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and heart failure.