SERPINE1 and cholangiocarcinoma: Consistent with findings implicating PAI-1 in tumor aggressiveness, cell migration and metastasis [49,66], the anti-sense down regulation of PAI-1 in CCA cells effectively attenuated scrape wound-stimulated migration (Figure 4), suggesting that targeting this SERPIN in the TME, regardless of the cell source, may have therapeutic utility in the management of metastatic disease.