Consistent with findings implicating PAI-1 in tumor aggressiveness, cell migration and metastasis [49,66], the anti-sense down regulation of PAI-1 in CCA cells effectively attenuated scrape wound-stimulated migration (Figure 4), suggesting that targeting this SERPIN in the TME, regardless of the cell source, may have therapeutic utility in the management of metastatic disease. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and neoplasm.