Mutation frequencies in key genes may be enriched in fluke-associated cancers (e.g., PTEN, SMAD4, TP53, BRCA1) or non-fluke-related tumors (e.g., BAP1, IDH1, IDH2) or are found in both (e.g., APC, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, KRAS, TGFBR2, PI3KR1, TP53, SMAD4, NRAS). The gene discussed is BRCA1; the disease is cancer.