However, genome instability can also be caused by acquisition of mutations affecting the double-strand break repair protein RAD50, the recombinase RAD51, and the DNA damage sensing proteins ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia, and Rad3-related (ATR), which are all collectively mutated in 4% of HGSOCs [54]. This evidence concerns the gene ATM and ataxia telangiectasia.