BDNF and Intervertebral disk degeneration: Likewise, proBDNF was shown to be upregulated in inflammatory cells during arthrosynovitis [120], and, similarly, upregulation of BDNF in mast cells was observed following back pain associated with intervertebral disk degeneration [208], and intradiscal inflammatory stimulation induces spinal pain behavior and intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo with an increase in macrophage markers and BDNF (as well as other nociceptive markers) [209].